- A. PRESENT TENSES
- Simple Present Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/ Adverb (A)
(─) S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 + C/O/A (? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not + C
(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan:
- Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
- Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja.
- Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
- Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
- Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
- Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
- Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.
(─) I don’t go to school everyday. (? ) Do you go to school everyday? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is hungry.
(─) She is not hungry. (? ) Is she hungry?
Fungsi:
- Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always,
never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday.
- Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum.
Contoh: The world is round.
- Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang
(factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of coffee.
- Present Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I am repairing your bicycle now.
(─) I am not repairing your bicycle now.
(? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now.
(─) She is not being very sad right now.
(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
- Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
- Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The population of the world is rising very fast.
- Present Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A
(? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have opened the door since 7 o’clock.
(─) I have not opened the door. (? ) Have you opened the door? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been there since this morning. (─) She has not been there till now.
(? ) Has she been there since this morning?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih
berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already,
just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, till
now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 o’clock.
- Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + being + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + being + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have been waiting for two hours.
(─) I have not been meeting her since 1998. (? ) Have you been waiting for two hours? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks. (─) She has not been being here for five minutes.
(? ) Has she been being here for two hours?
Fungsi:
– Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu
lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.
– Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this
morning, since, the whole day.
Contoh: He has been writing a letter for 1 hour.
- FUTURE TENSES
- Simple Future Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +V1+ C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + C
(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will go to Jakarta next week.
(─) I will not go to Jakarta next week. (? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week? Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow. (─) I will not be there tomorrow. (? ) Will you be there tomorrow? Fungsi:
- Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day after tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
- Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan terjadi apabila syarat peristiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will find many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.
- Future Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will be coming there next week.
(─) I will not be coming there next week. (? ) Will you be coming there next week? Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be being in London next month.
(─) I will not be being in London next month.
(? ) Will you be being in London next month?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow
at … o ‘clock, this time tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be
visiting my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 o’clock.
- Future Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have finished this job by the end of this week.
(─) I will not have finished this job by the end of this week. (? ) Will you have finished this job by the end of this week? Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been in Jogja by the time you get there.
(─) I will not have been in Jogja by the time you get there. (? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan
di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the time,
by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, after/ before +
S + V1 after/ before + S +V1.
Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this time
next week.
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
(─) I will not have been finishing this job by the end of this
week.
(? ) Will you have been finishing this job by the end of this
week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.
(─) I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
year.
(? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
year?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan
masih akan berlanjut pada saat peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu
mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the time, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
she arrives.
- PAST TENSE
- Simple Past Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V2 + C/O/A
(─) S + did not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + C
(─) S + be (was,were) not + C
(? ) Was/were + S + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) John came here yesterday.
(─) John did not come here yesterday. (? ) Did John come here yesterday? Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was in the hospital yesterday.
(─) She was not in the hospital yesterday. (? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday,
in 1973, the day before yesterday.
Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.
- Past Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + being + C
(─) S + be (was, were) not + being + C
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I was sleeping when she arrived.
(─) I was not sleeping when she arrived.
(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was being at home when her father died.
(─) She was not being at home when her father died.
(? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau peristiwa yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.
Contoh:
– John was reading a book when I came.
– John was being at home while I was reading.
- Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal :
(+) S + had + been + C
(─) S + had not + been + C
(? ) Had + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(─) I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(─) He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh peristiwa lain
yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for … ,
when/after/before + S + V2 , after/before + S + V2
Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.
- Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + C
(─) S + had not + been + being + C
(? ) Had + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.
(─) I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.
(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you
moved to Italy?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been being famous before he won the singing
competition.
(─) He had not been being famous before he won the singing competition.
(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing competition?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada
saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga
ditandai oleh peristiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present
Perfect Tense.
Keterangan waktu: for … , when/after/before + S + V2 , after/
before + S + V2
Contoh:
– Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.
– They had been being in the office when their boss came.